There are 4 nations established in the world of Ryzom; one corresponding to each of the 4 homin races. Thus the names of the 4 homin races, Fyros, Matis, Tryker and Zoraï are often used interchangeable to refer to both the race and the nation, which can sometimes lead to confusion. When people speak of "Fyros culture" or "Matis history", they more often than not mean the culture and history of the nation. Just go look at the pages of the homin races and you'll see plenty of this.
This is partly justified because the nations historically make up the bulk of the homins. But it should be remembered that none of the nations represents all homins of it's race. Not all Fyros are part of the Fyros nation, and so on. Many homins of all races do not belong to any of the nations, including those homins in tribes, as well as bandits and Marauders. As well, some homins chose to become citizens of a different nation than their race dictates. A Tryker could very well decide to become a citizen of the Zoraï nation, for example.
Players can gain fame with all of the 4 nations, and can become a citizen of one of the 4 nations (see alignment). A player can also become a member of the government of the nation they're a citizen of (see governments).
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Each nation controls a large amount of territory on paper. In practice however, they only have limited control outside their cities. The nations have control over their territories insofar that there is nothing within their borders that can challenge their armies, but their armies cannot always be everywhere. Thus much of what is nominally part of the nations' territories is still dangerous wilderness full of bandits and wild animals, or is held by tribes, primitives or kitin.
The territories controlled by the 4 nations, together with various Prime Roots regions and Nexus, make up the New Lands. To separate the 4 nation-controlled territories from the other regions, they are sometimes referred to as the 4 continents, though this is technically incorrect as they're all on the same continent. They may also be referred to as the 4 countries.
The term ecosystem refers to a type of natural environment, currently the 5 ecosystems known on Atys are desert, forest, jungle, subtropic (lakelands) and prime roots. Because all of the desert in the New Lands falls within the territory of the Fyros Empire, the term 'desert' itself is often used to refer to the Fyros Empire. Similarly the Zoraï nation territory is almost entirely jungle ecosystem, and the Tryker nation includes all the lakelands. However, not all of the forest belongs to the Matis Kingdom, as Nexus is a forest region not belonging to any country. Also, note that the Verdant Heights contains several important jungle-areas. But 'forest' is still often used to refer to the Matis territory.